HLT. social class, family, football team etc.) Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. just-world phenomenon This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. Aggression Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. Ethnocentrism. What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. that most people like women more than men. d. oxytocin. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. What is faithful representation, and why is it important. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. (1998). Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Early. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. d. Catharsis. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Altemeyer, B. hide 31 types. c. romantic love Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. b. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. ethnocentrism.d. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). Intergroup relations. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. d. vivid cases. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." : Men are more intelligent. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . credibility. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). a. ingroup bias. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. The tendency to favor one's own . b. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. self-worth. Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). (Extremes). This finding is consistent with the theory that some countries, like the U.S., emphasize an individualistic self-concept. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? Log in Join. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. University of Houston. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? c. hindsight bias. More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . 6. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. triangular theory of love. swissworld: saisons ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. 1. 3. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. a. the bystander effect. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. d. sensory cortex. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Prejudice. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. a. c. social facilitation. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. a. a dispositional attribution. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. Psychology. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Unit 23. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. c. the social-responsibility norm. 1. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. What does the term multicultural mean? d. aggression. Expert Answer. Pages 14 Manson, J. H. (2020). Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. c. frontal lobes Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). Other-race Effect: Definition. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. And whether you recognize this favoritism as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic (unintended,immediate, and irresistible). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. Membership. This best illustrates. A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. Indicators of aversive racism correlate with discriminatory behavior, despite being the ambiguous result of good intentions gone bad. direction a . the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). Turner, J. C. (1975). _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: c. deindividuation. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. a. warrior The tendency to favor their ingroup develops quickly in young children, increasing up to about six years of age, and almost immediately begins to influence their behavior (Aboud, 2003; Aboud & Amato, 2001). This statement best reflects the: Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. B) ingroup bias. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: a. cognitive dissonance. Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). The firm does the following: b. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. tendency. It pays the utility bill during July. Take the IAT. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. e. Essentialism. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. 33. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon. Study Resources. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. d. deindividuation. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. (tn dn si) n., pl. 2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. c. outgroup bias. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. b. physical attractiveness. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good . If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. According to Gallup's polling . Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Other Quizlet sets. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. This phenomenon is known as ________. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. swissworld: paysages, Pregntale a otro(a) estudiante qu pide en un restaurante en las siguientes situaciones. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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